RPM (Red Hat Package Manager) - ýòî íàèáîëåå ïîïóëÿðíàÿ óòèëèòà óïðàâëåíèÿ ïàêåòàìè äëÿ Linux ñèñòåì íà áàçå Red Hat, òàêèõ êàê (RHEL, CentOS è Fedora). Îíà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ óñòàíîâêè, óäàëåíèÿ, îáíîâëåíèÿ, çàïðîñà è ïðîâåðêè ïàêåòîâ ïðîãðàììíîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ. Ïàêåò ñîñòîèò èç àðõèâà ôàéëîâ è èíôîðìàöèè î ïàêåòå, âêëþ÷àÿ èìÿ, âåðñèþ è îïèñàíèå. Ôîðìàò ôàéëîâ òàêæå íàçûâàåòñÿ RPM. Åñòü íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ îòêóäà ìîæíî âçÿòü ïàêåòû RPM: CD/DVD ñ ïðîãðàììíûì îáåñïå÷åíèåì, CentOS Mirror, RedHat (íóæåí àêêàóíò) èëè ëþáûå îòêðûòûå ñàéòû ðåïîçèòîðèÿ.  RPM èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íåñêîëüêî îñíîâíûõ ðåæèìîâ êîìàíä: Install (èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ óñòàíîâêè ëþáîãî ïàêåòà RPM), Remove (èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ, ñòèðàíèÿ èëè äåèíñòàëëÿöèè ïàêåòà), Upgrade (èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îáíîâëåíèÿ ñóùåñòâóþùåãî ïàêåòà), Query (èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ çàïðîñà ïàêåòà) è Verify (èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ïðîâåðêè ïàêåòîâ RPM). Ðàññìîòðèì ýòî íà ïðèìåðå. Ó íàñ åñòü ïàêåò, è òåïåðü ïîñìîòðèì, ÷òî ìû ìîæåì ñ íèì äåëàòü. Óñòàíîâêà Êàê óçíàòü èíôîðìàöèþ î ïàêåòå RPM áåç óñòàíîâêè? Ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ìû ñêà÷àëè ïàêåò ìû õîòèì óçíàòü èíôîðìàöèþ î ïàêåòå ïåðåä óñòàíîâêîé. Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü -qipoption (çàïðîñ èíôîðìàöèè î ïàêåòå), ÷òîáû âûâåñòè èíôîðìàöèþ î ïàêåòå. $ sudo rpm -qip GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm Âûâîä: Name : GeoIP Version : 1.5.0 Release : 11.el7 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: (not installed) Group : Development/Libraries Size : 2905020 License : LGPLv2+ and GPLv2+ and CC-BY-SA Signature : RSA/SHA256, Sun 20 Nov 2016 05:49:19 PM UTC, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM : GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.src.rpm Build Date : Sat 05 Nov 2016 08:29:17 PM UTC Build Host : worker1.bsys.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS BuildSystem Vendor : CentOS URL : http://www.maxmind.com/app/c Summary : Library for country/city/organization to IP address or hostname mapping Description : GeoIP is a C library that enables the user to find the country that any IP address or hostname originates from. It uses a file based database that is accurate as of June 2007 and can optionally be updated on a weekly basis by installing the GeoIP-update package. This database simply contains IP blocks as keys, and countries as values. This database should be more complete and accurate than using reverse DNS lookups. This package includes GeoLite data created by MaxMind, available from http://www.maxmind.com/ Êàê óñòàíîâèòü RPM ïàêåò? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïàðàìåòð -ivh äëÿ óñòàíîâêè îïðåäåëåííîãî ïàêåòà, êàê ïîêàçàíî íèæå. $ sudo rpm -ivh GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm Âûâîä: Preparing... ################################# [100%] package GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64 is already installed Êàê ïðîâåðèòü óñòàíîâëåííûé ïàêåò RPM? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïàðàìåòð -q ñ èìåíåì ïàêåòà, è îí ïîêàæåò, óñòàíîâëåí ëè ïàêåò èëè íåò. $ sudo rpm -q GeoIP Âûâîä: GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64 Êàê âûâåñòè ñïèñîê âñåõ ôàéëîâ äëÿ îïðåäåëåííîãî óñòàíîâëåííîãî ïàêåòà RPM? Ìû ìîæåì ïåðå÷èñëèòü âñå ôàéëû óñòàíîâëåííûõ ïàêåòîâ rpm, èñïîëüçóÿ îïöèþ -ql ñ êîìàíäîé rpm. $ sudo rpm -ql GeoIP Âûâîä: /etc/GeoIP.conf /etc/GeoIP.conf.default /usr/bin/geoiplookup /usr/bin/geoiplookup6 /usr/bin/geoipupdate /usr/lib64/libGeoIP.so.1 /usr/lib64/libGeoIP.so.1.5.0 /usr/lib64/libGeoIPUpdate.so.0 /usr/lib64/libGeoIPUpdate.so.0.0.0 /usr/share/GeoIP /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP-initial.dat /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIPASNum.dat /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIPASNumv6.dat /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIPCity.dat /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIPCityv6.dat /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIPCountry.dat /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIPCountryv6.dat /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIPv6-initial.dat ... Êàê âûâåñòè ñïèñîê íåäàâíî óñòàíîâëåííûõ ïàêåòîâ RPM? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïàðàìåòð -qa ñ ïàðàìåòðîì --last, â êîòîðîì áóäóò ïåðå÷èñëåíû âñå íåäàâíî óñòàíîâëåííûå ïàêåòû rpm. $ sudo rpm -qa --last Âûâîä GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64 Sat 01 Sep 2019 11:34:09 AM UTC wget-1.14-15.el7_4.1.x86_64 Sun 26 Aug 2019 03:21:02 PM UTC iwl7265-firmware-22.0.7.0-62.2.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:18 PM UTC libgomp-4.8.5-28.el7_5.1.x86_64 Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:15 PM UTC iwl2030-firmware-18.168.6.1-62.2.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:15 PM UTC iptables-1.4.21-24.1.el7_5.x86_64 Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:15 PM UTC yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-46.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:14 PM UTC iwl6000-firmware-9.221.4.1-62.2.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:14 PM UTC iwl4965-firmware-228.61.2.24-62.2.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:14 PM UTC iwl105-firmware-18.168.6.1-62.2.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:14 PM UTC iwl100-firmware-39.31.5.1-62.2.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:13 PM UTC iwl1000-firmware-39.31.5.1-62.2.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:13 PM UTC ca-certificates-2018.2.22-70.0.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:13 PM UTC iwl6000g2b-firmware-17.168.5.2-62.2.el7_5.noarch Thu 16 Aug 2019 02:10:12 PM UTC ... Êàê óñòàíîâèòü RPM ïàêåò áåç çàâèñèìîñòåé? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïàðàìåòðû -ivh ñ ïàðàìåòðîì --nodeps äëÿ ïðîâåðêè îòñóòñòâèÿ çàâèñèìîñòåé, ÷òîáû óñòàíîâèòü êîíêðåòíûé ïàêåò áåç çàâèñèìîñòåé, êàê ïîêàçàíî íèæå. $ sudo rpm -ivh --nodeps GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm Âûâîä Preparing... ################################# [100%] Êàê çàìåíèòü óñòàíîâëåííûé ïàêåò RPM? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïàðàìåòðû -ivh –replacepkgs äëÿ çàìåíû óñòàíîâëåííîãî ïàêåòà. $ sudo rpm -ivh --replacepkgs GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm Âûâîä Preparing... ################################# [100%] Updating / installing... 1:GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7 ################################# [100%] Óäàëåíèå Êàê óäàëèòü ïàêåò RPM? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïàðàìåòð -e äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ îïðåäåëåííîãî ïàêåòà, óñòàíîâëåííîãî áåç çàâèñèìîñòåé. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå, ÷òî óäàëåíèå îïðåäåëåííîãî ïàêåòà ìîæåò íàðóøèòü ðàáîòó äðóãèõ ïðèëîæåíèé. $ sudo rpm -e --nodeps GeoIP Îáíîâëåíèå Êàê îáíîâèòü óñòàíîâëåííûé ïàêåò RPM? Äëÿ îáíîâëåíèÿ ïàêåòà ìû èñïîëüçóåì ïàðàìåòðû -Uvh $ sudo rpm -Uvh GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm Çàïðîñ Êàê çàïðîñèòü âñå óñòàíîâëåííûå ïàêåòû? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïàðàìåòðû -a âìåñòå ñ q äëÿ çàïðîñà âñåõ óñòàíîâëåííûõ ïàêåòîâ íà ñåðâåðå. $ sudo rpm -qa Âûâîä python-firewall-0.4.4.4-14.el7.noarch ncurses-base-5.9-14.20130511.el7_4.noarch plymouth-0.8.9-0.31.20140113.el7.centos.x86_64 kbd-misc-1.15.5-13.el7.noarch vim-common-7.4.160-4.el7.x86_64 bash-4.2.46-30.el7.x86_64 dmidecode-3.0-5.el7.x86_64 filesystem-3.2-25.el7.x86_64 kbd-1.15.5-13.el7.x86_64 vim-enhanced-7.4.160-4.el7.x86_64 firewalld-0.4.4.4-14.el7.noarch .... Êàê çàïðîñèòü êîíêðåòíûé ïàêåò? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü êîìàíäó grep, ÷òîáû óçíàòü, óñòàíîâëåí ëè êîíêðåòíûé ïàêåò èëè íåò. $ sudo rpm -qa | grep GeoIP Âûâîä GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64 Êàê çàïðîñèòü ôàéë, êîòîðûé ïðèíàäëåæèò ïàêåòó RPM? ×òîáû óçíàòü ê êàêîìó ïàêåòó RPM îòíîñèòñÿ ôàéë /usr/lib64/libGeoIP.so.1.5.0. èñïîëüçóåì ñëåäóþùóþ êîìàíäó. $ sudo rpm -qf /usr/lib64/libGeoIP.so.1.5.0 Âûâîä GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64 Ïðîâåðêà Êàê ïîëó÷èòü èíôîðìàöèþ äëÿ êîíêðåòíîãî ïàêåòà? Ìû ìîæåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïàðàìåòðû -i âìåñòå ñ q, ÷òîáû ïîëó÷èòü èíôîðìàöèþ äëÿ êîíêðåòíîãî ïàêåòà, êàê ïîêàçàíî íèæå. $ sudo rpm -qi GeoIP Âûâîä Name : GeoIP Version : 1.5.0 Release : 11.el7 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: Thu 16 Aug 2018 02:04:09 PM UTC Group : Development/Libraries Size : 2905020 License : LGPLv2+ and GPLv2+ and CC-BY-SA Signature : RSA/SHA256, Sun 20 Nov 2016 05:49:19 PM UTC, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM : GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.src.rpm Build Date : Sat 05 Nov 2016 08:29:17 PM UTC Build Host : worker1.bsys.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS BuildSystem Vendor : CentOS URL : http://www.maxmind.com/app/c Summary : Library for country/city/organization to IP address or hostname mapping Description : GeoIP is a C library that enables the user to find the country that any IP address or hostname originates from. It uses a file based database that is accurate as of June 2007 and can optionally be updated on a weekly basis by installing the GeoIP-update package. This database simply contains IP blocks as keys, and countries as values. This database should be more complete and accurate than using reverse DNS lookups. This package includes GeoLite data created by MaxMind, available from http://www.maxmind.com/ Êàê ïðîâåðèòü RPM ïàêåò? Ìû ìîæåì ïðîâåðèòü ïàêåò, ñðàâíèâ èíôîðìàöèþ îá óñòàíîâëåííûõ ôàéëàõ ïàêåòà ñ áàçîé äàííûõ rpm, èñïîëüçóÿ îïöèþ -Vp. $ sudo rpm -Vp GeoIP-1.5.0-11.el7.x86_64.rpm Êàê ïðîâåðèòü âñå ïàêåòû RPM? Ìû ìîæåì ïðîâåðèòü âñå óñòàíîâëåííûå ïàêåòû rpm, èñïîëüçóÿ îïöèþ -Va $ sudo rpm -Va Âûâîä S.5....T. c /etc/sysconfig/authconfig S.5....T. c /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo .M....... c /etc/machine-id .M....... g /etc/udev/hwdb.bin .M....... g /var/lib/systemd/random-seed .M....... c /etc/shadow S.5....T. c /etc/ssh/sshd_config .M....... c /etc/audit/rules.d/audit.rules S.5....T. c /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf ....L.... c /etc/pam.d/fingerprint-auth ....L.... c /etc/pam.d/password-auth ....L.... c /etc/pam.d/postlogin

Íå âñå ëþáÿò óïðàâëÿòü MySQL ÷åðåç Linux. Management Studio – ãîâîðèëè îíè. CLI – ãîâîðèì ìû. Áðî, ýòà ñòàòüÿ ïðî òî, êàê äàòü ïðàâà äîñòóïà (permissions) ó÷åòíûì çàïèñÿì â Linux – ñðåäå. Ëîãèíèìñÿ Ïîäêëþ÷àåìñÿ ê ñâîåìó ñåðâåðó ïî SSH.  êîìàíäíîé ñòðîêå ââîäèì: mysql -u root -p Õîï – è ìû óæå â ðåæèìå óïðàâëåíèÿ MySQL: mysql> Âîîáùå, ýòà ñòàòüÿ ïðî ïðàâà äîñòóïà. Íî íà âñÿêèé ñëó÷àé âîò òåáå ñèíòàêñèñ êîìàíäû, êîòîðàÿ ïîçâîëèò ñîçäàòü íîâîãî ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ ñ ïàðîëåì â MySQL: CREATE USER 'ëîãèí'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'ïàðîëü'; À òåïåðü ïðàâà Äðóæå, ñèíòàêñèñ êîìàíäû, êîòîðàÿ äàñò íóæíûå òåáå ïðàâà êðàéíå ïðîñòîé. Âîò îí: GRANT ïðàâà ON áàçà_äàííûõ.òàáëèöà TO 'ëîãèí'@'localhost'; Ðàçáåðåìñÿ ñëåâà íà ïðàâî: ïðàâà - ìîãóò áûòü ñëåäóþùèå: ALL – äàåò ïîëíûé äîñòóï ê áàçå äàííûõ. Êñòàòè, åñëè áàçà äàííûõ íå îïðåäåëåíà â êîìàíäå, òî äàñò ïîëíûé äîñòóï êî âñåìó â MySQL (îõ íå íàäî òàê); CREATE – ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëüçîâàòåëþ ñîçäàâàòü áàçû äàííûõ è òàáëèöû; DELETE – äàåò ïðàâî ïîëüçîâàòåëþ óäàëÿòü ñòðîêè èç òàáëèö; DROP – äàåò ïðàâî óäàëÿòü áàçû äàííûõ è òàáëèöà öåëèêîì (íó, òàê òîæå íå íàäî); EXECUTE – äàåò ïðàâî ïîëüçîâàòåëþ âûïîëíÿòü õðàíèìûå ïðîöåäóðû; GRANT OPTION – ñ ýòîé îïöèåé þçåð ñìîæåò äàâàòü ïðàâà (èëè óäàëÿòü) äðóãèì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì; INSERT – äàåò ïðàâî õðàíèòü ìîë÷àíèþ è âñå ÷òî îí ñêàæåò áóäåò.. Ëàäíî, ýòî ïðîñòî ïðàâî íà äîáàâëåíèå íîâûõ ñòðîê â òàáëèöó; SELECT – ñàìîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå ïðàâî – ïàðñèòü (èçâëåêàòü) äàííûå èç SQL äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ; SHOW DATABASES - ýòîìó ïîëüçîâàòåëþ ìîæíî áóäåò ñìîòðåòü íà ñïèñîê áàç äàííûõ; UPDATE – äàåò ïðàâî ïîëüçîâàòåëþ èçìåíÿòü òåêóùèå ñòðîêè â òàáëèöå; áàçà_äàííûõ ñîáñòâåííî, áàçà äàííûõ, âíóòðè êîòîðîé æèâåò âàøà òàáëèöà; òàáëèöà - ñàìà òàáëèöà. Òàáëè÷êà, table, le tableau; ëîãèí - èìÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ âàøåãî þçâåðÿ; Âñå ïðîñòî. Ïðîáåæèìñÿ ïî ïðèìåðàì. Ïðèìåð ¹1 Äàâàéòå äàäèì ïðàâà þçåðó example, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðûõ îí ñìîæåò ñîçäàâàòü ëþáûå ÁÄ è òàáëèöû: GRANT CREATE ON *.* TO 'example'@'localhost'; Èñïîëüçîâàíèå çâåçäî÷êè (*) – ýòî êàê ìàñêà, ïîä êîòîðîå ïîïàäàåò âñå. Ïðèìåð ¹2 Äàäèì ïîëüçîâàòåëþ example ïðàâà íà óäàëåíèå ëþáûõ òàáëèö â çàðàíåå îáîçíà÷åííîé áàçå äàííûõ, êîòîðàÿ íàçûâàåòñÿ easybro GRANT DROP ON easybro.* TO 'example'@'localhost'; Êàê âèäèøü, ìû þçàåì êîìàíäó DROP. Êñòàòè, ëó÷øàÿ ïðàêòèêà ïîñëå âíåñåíèÿ èçìåíåíèÿ ñäåëàòü íåáîëüøóþ ïåðåçàãðóçêó ïðàâ êîìàíäîé: FLUSH PRIVILEGES; Êàê ïîñìîòðåòü ïðàâà îïðåäåëåííîãî ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ â MySQL Ïîñìîòðåòü ïðàâà î÷åíü ïðîñòî. Îïÿòü æå, íà ïðèìåðå íàøåãî þçåðà example: SHOW GRANTS FOR 'example'@'localhost';

 äàííîé ñòàòüå áóäåò ðàññìîòðåíà íàñòðîéêà Voicemail (ãîëîñîâîé ïî÷òû) íà FreePBX 13. Äëÿ íà÷àëà íåîáõîäèìî ñîçäàòü èëè âûáðàòü óæå èìåþùèéñÿ ýêñòåíøåí (Applications – Extensions – Quick Create Extensions). Äàëåå â íàñòðîéêàõ ýêñòåíøåíà âî âòîðîé âêëàäêå (Voicemail) íåîáõîäèìî àêòèâèðîâàòü ÿùèê ãîëîñîâîé ïî÷òû Ïîñëå òîãî êàê âêëþ÷èëè ãîëîñîâóþ ïî÷òó äëÿ ýêñòåíøåíà (Enabled - Yes) è âûáðàëè ïàðîëü – íåîáõîäèìî íàæàòü Submit è çàòåì Apply Config. Ñëåäóþùèé øàã – àêòèâàöèÿ ÿùèêà. Ñàìûé ïðîñòîé ñïîñîá – çàðåãèñòðèðîâàòü ýêñòåíøåí íà òåëåôîíåñîôòôîíå è íàáðàòü íà òåëåôîíå *97. Çàòåì, äëÿ äàëüíåéøåé íàñòðîéêè VM íóæíî ïðîéòè ïî ñëåäóþùåìó ïóòè: Settings – Voicemail Admin. Òàì âûáèðàåòñÿ ýêñòåíøåí è îòêðûâàþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå îïöèè: Çäåñü òàê æå ìîæíî ïîìåíÿòü ïàðîëü íà ÿùèêå, óêàçàòü àäðåñ ýëåêòðîííîé ïî÷òû è âûáðàòü îïöèè (äàííûå íàñòðîéêè òàê æå äîñòóïíû â ïîëå ðåäàêòèðîâàíèÿ ýêñòåíøåíà): Email Attachment – ñîîáùåíèÿ ãîëîñîâîé ïî÷òû áóäóò âëîæåíû â ïèñüìå íà óêàçàííûé àäðåñ Play CID – ïðîèãðûâàíèå íîìåðà ÷åëîâåêà, îñòàâèâøåãî ñîîáùåíèå. Play Envelope – ïðîèãðûâàíèå äàòû ïîëó÷åíèÿ ñîîáùåíèÿ Delete Voicemail – óäàëåíèå ãîëîñîâûõ ñîîáùåíèé ñ ñåðâåðà. Åñëè îïöèÿ Email Attachment áóäåò âûêëþ÷åíà ïðè âêëþ÷åííîé ôóíêöèè óäàëåíèÿ, òî ñîîáùåíèÿ íå áóäóò ïîëó÷åíû âîîáùå. Âî âòîðîé âêëàäêå ìîæíî óâèäåòü ñòàòèñòèêó ïî ÿùèêó ãîëîñîâîé ïî÷òû: Äàëåå áóäåò ðàññìîòðåíà âîçìîæíîñòü ïîìåíÿòü áàçîâîå ïðèâåòñòâèå íà ñâîé çàïèñàííûé àóäèî-ðîëèê: Çàïèñàííûé ðîëèê íåîáõîäèìî ïåðåèìåíîâàòü â unavail.wav è ïîìåñòèòü ïî ñëåäóþùåìó ïóòè /var/spool/asterisk/voicemail/default/@extension_number@ Ïîñëå ýòîãî â ñëó÷àå íåäîñòóïíîñòè ýêñòåíøåíà âûçîâ áóäåò óõîäèòü íà ÿùèê ãîëîñîâîé ïî÷òû, è ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî áóäåò ïðîèãðûâàòüñÿ çàïèñàííîå ñîîáùåíèå. Òàê æå ìîæíî ñðàçó íàïðàâëÿòü âûçîâ íà ÿùèê ãîëîñîâîé ïî÷òû, åñëè ýòî íåîáõîäèìî äëÿ êàêèõ-òî ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ öåëåé – íàïðèìåð, äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè îòäåëüíîãî íîìåðà äëÿ æàëîá è ïðåäëîæåíèé.